Consent
Bioethics as
The Name of
A New Discipline
That
Combine
Science & Technology
Humility with Responsibility-
A Bioethic for Oncologists:
Presidential Address.[1]
Van Rensselaer Potter
Van Rensselaer Potter (1911-2001)
Courtesy of enviroethics.org
McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research,
Jniversitt of Wisconsin Medical School
CANCER RESEARCH 35,
2297-2306, September 1975
In 1970 I coined the word "bioethics" and used it for the title of a book published as Bioethics, Bridge to the Future.[2]
From the beginning, I have regarded bioethics as the name of a new discipline that would combine science and
philosophy. [3]
To be more specific, it would constitute a cybernetic approach to humankind's ongoing search for
wisdom, which I defined as the knowledge of how to use knowledge for human survival and for improvement of the human condition.[3]
I wish to characterize humility with responsibility as the basic bioethic. [3]
The reason for this categorization
stems from the fact that this basic bioethic emerges from a consideration of what bioethics is all about, namely, an understanding of how our thinking brain can combine biological knowledge with a social and philosophical consciousness. [3]
As I attempt to describe the quality of "humilitywith responsibility" in relation to the role of the membership of the American Association for Cancer Research in national policy decisions, the connection between bioethics and the resent effort may become more evident. [4]
I should indicate that I look upon the quality of humility as perhaps the opposite of arrogance.[4]
What kinds of knowledge should be brought together under the rubric of bioethics? [2]
I chose bio- to represent
biological knowledge, the science of living systems; and I chose -ethics to represent knowledge of human value systems [2].
On the one hand we are concerned with biological evolution,and on the other we are concerned with cultural evolution.[3]
Bioethics:
Humility with
Responsibility
Van Rensselaer Potter
The discipline of bioethics must attempt to develop in individuals an understanding and appreciation of both
branches of knowledge.[3]
In keeping with my theme of humility with responsibility, I must emphasize my own
inadequacy in presenting the following remarks, which are made more to open the discussion rather than to finalize it.[3]
To recapitulate, bioethics is advanced as a new discipline that combines biological knowledge with a knowledge of human value systems in an open-ended biocybernetic system of self-assessment, that is, the assessment of the system as a system. [3]
The goal of this discipline, as I see it, would be to help humankind toward a rational but cautious participa
tion in the processes of biological and cultural evolution.[3]
This cautious participation requires that built-in assessment procedures, or feedback, must be an integral part of
bioethics if it is to serve its proposed role as a "bridge to the future."[4]
Improvements in assessment mechanisms must guide the search for wisdom among motivated individuals who follow the ethic of humility with responsibility.[3][4]
I will attempt to describe further a rational explanation of the biological basis for such an ethic[4] in terms of the probabilistic aspects of human physiology[5], including the nature of the Eureka! feeling and its ethical imperatives [6]; however, I first want to mention some features of the
present study of bioethics.[3]
The Role of Bioethics Is to Protect Against a Backlash Against Medicine & Science in General
Reich W. T. in an an article titled "The "wider view" : André Helleger's passionate, integrating intellect and the creation of bioethics" (1999 ) wrote:
Reich W. T: "André Hellegers, founder and first Director of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University, laid medicine open to bioethics." [7]
Reich W. T: "Helleger's approach to bioethics, as to morality generally and also to medicine and biomedical science, involved taking the "wider view" -- a value-filled vision that integrated and gave meaning to what otherwise was disparate, precarious, and conflicting."[7]
Van Rensselaer Potter wrote: The statement attributed to Hellegers (3) that "The role of bioethics is to protect against a backlash against medicine and science in general."[3]
André Helleger said,"Bioethics does not seek to restrict science but to continually remind scientists that medicine and science are servants, not masters of man. [3]
By their seeking to keep within the ethical uses of medicine, it is hoped that physicians and scientists will avoid leading people to believe that science promises more than it can deliver."[3]
Van Rensselaer Potter wrote: "The responsibilities of scientists to society can best be met if their professional organizations will give them guidance and support."[3]
Van Rensselaer Potter: "Much of the trouble in this world stems from individual reliance on innate knowledge and on convictions based on Eureka! feelings." [3]
Whitehouse PJ : Van Rensselaer Potter's original concept of bioethics as a global integration of biology and values was designed to guide human survival. [8]
Whitehouse PJ: "His attention to the creation of human knowledge and the incorporation of ecological concepts and values into medicine and health remain important, yet largely neglected, contributions deserving of further elaboration."[8]
Whitehouse PJ: "Bioethicists should heed his warning about unsustainable progress, particularly in health care systems, and work toward changing their behaviors. Incorporating life-affirming spiritual values and extending Potter's global bioethics to a deeper bioethics seem essential."[8]
Potter's
Notion of
Bioethics
Kennedy Inst Ethics J.
2012 Mar;22(1):59-82
In 1970 Van Rensselaer Potter was the first to use the term "bioethics" in a publication to advocate the development of a new discipline to address the basic problems of human flourishing. [9]
This article analyzes Potter's notion of bioethics in order to understand its origins, sources, and substance. In early publications, Potter conceptualized bioethics as a bridge: between present and future, nature and culture, science and values, and finally between humankind and nature.[9]
In later publications, disappointed by a predominant focus on individual and medical issues, and with a wish to underscore the need for a broader perspective, Potter introduced the new term "global bioethics," meant to transcend ethics specialties and integrate them into a new interdisciplinary endeavor to address global problems. [9]
A growing interest in global bioethics today means that Potter's original insights are more timely than ever.[9]
Peter J. Whitehouse
The American Journal of Bioethics
3(4):W26-W31, 2003
Van Rensselaer Potter's original concept of bioethics as a global integration of biology and values was designed to guide human survival.[10]
His attention to the creation of human knowledge and the incorporation of ecological concepts and values into medicine and health remain important, yet largely neglected, contributions deserving of further elaboration. [10]
Bioethicists should heed his warnings about unsustainable progress, particularly in health care systems, and work towards changing their behaviors. Incorporating life-affirming spiritual values and extending Potter's global bioethics to a deeper bioethics seem essential.[10]
In Memorium: Professor Emeritus Van Rensselear Potter II (1911-2001)
Van Rensselear Potter II, age 90, died September 6, 2001
James E. Trosko, Henry C. Pitot
Van Rensselear Potter II, aged 90, died September 6, 2001, after a brief illness. Dr. Potter was a biochemist who devoted his scientific career to canacer research and pioneered efforts to develop the field of Bioethics, which he named.[11]
He was a Professor of Oncology at the McArdle laboratory for Cancer Research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for more than 50 years, where he rose to Professor Emeritus. [11]
Dr. Potter was born on August 27, 1911, in northeast South Dakota, on the edge of the Coteau de Prairie.[11]
His concept of "Oncology is blocked Ontogeny" arose from numerous comparisons of the enzymology of transplantable liver neoplasm derived from chemically induced primary hepatic neoplasm. [11]
He helped to define the metabolism and function of a cell's genetic material as it relates to cancer. [11]
At the beginning of the 1970s, bioethics came into existence as if from nowhere
Fritz K. Beller (1983): In 1971 Andre Hellegers organized 'The Kennedy Institute for Human Reproduction and Bioethics.' He was the director of this institute until his death in 1979.[13]
John Collins Harvey
The genesis of bioethics was tied to intellectual and cultural developments with deep roots in Western Europe. [12]
The role of Andre Hellegers in the creation of the field of bioethics.[12]
André Hellegers (1926-1979)
Courtesy of
seclaendosurgery.com
With the goal of supporting a field he named bioethics, Andre Hellegers founded an institute at Georgetown University in 1971 that bore the name "The Kennedy Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction and Ethics." [12]
Along with a group of scholars and sponsors he gathered together, Hellegers coined the term 'bioethics,' which came to be part of the title of the Institute's center for Bioethics. [12]
His goal was to describe better their project of understanding the relationship of philosophical and theological ethics to the sciences of genetics, human biology, health, disease, and population growth.[12]
They had no knowledge at the time that Fritz Jahr had first used the term in 1927 (Jahr 1927), nor that Van Rensselear Potter, profesoor of chemistry and oncology at the University of Wisconsin School of medicine and Director of the McArdle laboratory for the study of cancer ath the school of medicine, had re-coined the same term 'bio-ethics' in 1949.[12]
Potter fashioned the term to identify his studies of the effects of humankind's actions on the long-term survival of both humanity and the character of the environment, the results of which he published in Global Bioethics: Building on the leopold Legacy (Potter 1949).[12]
Fritz K. Beller (1983): Andre Hellegers, during those years (in eight years) introduced academicians in large numbers to bioethical thinking. Many were privileged to attend courses on Bioethics organized by the Kennedy Insititute (by invitation of Eunice and Sargent Shriver).[13]
Fritz K. Beller: Andre contributed to nearly all topics in bioethical research.[13]The Kennedy Institute of Ethics (also known as Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics) is one of the most prestigious bioethics institutes in the world.[14]
The Bioethics Research Library, founded by André Hellegers [16] and the theology professor LeRoy Walters, was formalized in June 1973. Today it contains over 32,000 monographs, covering all fields of bioethics.[15]
[1] Presented on May 8, 1975, at the Sixty-sixth Annual Meeting of the
American Association for Cancer Research, San Diego, Calif.
[2]Potter, V. R. Bioethics, Bridge to the Future. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:
Prentice Hall, Inc., 1971.
[3]http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/35/9/2297.full.pdf
[4]Potter, V. R. Humility with Responsibility: The First Professional
Ethic. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suppl. 1, in press.
[5]Potter, V. R. Probabilistic Aspects ofthe Human Cybernetic Machine.
Perspectives Biol. Med., 17: 164—183,1974.
[6]Potter, V. R. The Ethical Imperatives of the Eureka Feeling. (The
Individual Scientist Lecture). Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemosta
sis, Suppl I , in press.
[7]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11657313
[8]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744319
[9]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22787958
[10]http://www2.ula.ve/cdcht/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc
[11]http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/63/7/1724.full.pdf
[12]http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4011-2_4#page-2
[13]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0028224383900047
[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Institute_of_Ethics
[15]History of the Institute". Kennedy Institute of Ethics. Retrieved 19 August 2013
[16]http://www.sysoon.com/images2/
andre-hellegers-1926-1979-grave-gx23814787?seid=GAMP66NPKUYA4W6
In 1970 I coined the word "bioethics" and used it for the title of a book published as Bioethics, Bridge to the Future.[2]
From the beginning, I have regarded bioethics as the name of a new discipline that would combine science and philosophy. [3]
I wish to characterize humility with responsibility as the basic bioethic. [3]
As I attempt to describe the quality of "humilitywith responsibility" in relation to the role of the membership of the American Association for Cancer Research in national policy decisions, the connection between bioethics and the resent effort may become more evident. [4]
What kinds of knowledge should be brought together under the rubric of bioethics? [2]
The discipline of bioethics must attempt to develop in individuals an understanding and appreciation of both branches of knowledge.[3]
To recapitulate, bioethics is advanced as a new discipline that combines biological knowledge with a knowledge of human value systems in an open-ended biocybernetic system of self-assessment, that is, the assessment of the system as a system. [3]
The goal of this discipline, as I see it, would be to help humankind toward a rational but cautious participa tion in the processes of biological and cultural evolution.[3]
This cautious participation requires that built-in assessment procedures, or feedback, must be an integral part of bioethics if it is to serve its proposed role as a "bridge to the future."[4]
I will attempt to describe further a rational explanation of the biological basis for such an ethic[4] in terms of the probabilistic aspects of human physiology[5], including the nature of the Eureka! feeling and its ethical imperatives [6]; however, I first want to mention some features of the present study of bioethics.[3]
Reich W. T. in an an article titled "The "wider view" : André Helleger's passionate, integrating intellect and the creation of bioethics" (1999 ) wrote:
Reich W. T: "Helleger's approach to bioethics, as to morality generally and also to medicine and biomedical science, involved taking the "wider view" -- a value-filled vision that integrated and gave meaning to what otherwise was disparate, precarious, and conflicting."[7]
Van Rensselaer Potter wrote: The statement attributed to Hellegers (3) that "The role of bioethics is to protect against a backlash against medicine and science in general."[3]
André Helleger said,"Bioethics does not seek to restrict science but to continually remind scientists that medicine and science are servants, not masters of man. [3]
Van Rensselaer Potter wrote: "The responsibilities of scientists to society can best be met if their professional organizations will give them guidance and support."[3]
Van Rensselaer Potter: "Much of the trouble in this world stems from individual reliance on innate knowledge and on convictions based on Eureka! feelings." [3]
Whitehouse PJ : Van Rensselaer Potter's original concept of bioethics as a global integration of biology and values was designed to guide human survival. [8]
Whitehouse PJ: "His attention to the creation of human knowledge and the incorporation of ecological concepts and values into medicine and health remain important, yet largely neglected, contributions deserving of further elaboration."[8]
Whitehouse PJ: "Bioethicists should heed his warning about unsustainable progress, particularly in health care systems, and work toward changing their behaviors. Incorporating life-affirming spiritual values and extending Potter's global bioethics to a deeper bioethics seem essential."[8]
In 1970 Van Rensselaer Potter was the first to use the term "bioethics" in a publication to advocate the development of a new discipline to address the basic problems of human flourishing. [9]
This article analyzes Potter's notion of bioethics in order to understand its origins, sources, and substance. In early publications, Potter conceptualized bioethics as a bridge: between present and future, nature and culture, science and values, and finally between humankind and nature.[9]
In later publications, disappointed by a predominant focus on individual and medical issues, and with a wish to underscore the need for a broader perspective, Potter introduced the new term "global bioethics," meant to transcend ethics specialties and integrate them into a new interdisciplinary endeavor to address global problems. [9]
A growing interest in global bioethics today means that Potter's original insights are more timely than ever.[9]
Van Rensselaer Potter's original concept of bioethics as a global integration of biology and values was designed to guide human survival.[10]
His attention to the creation of human knowledge and the incorporation of ecological concepts and values into medicine and health remain important, yet largely neglected, contributions deserving of further elaboration. [10]
Bioethicists should heed his warnings about unsustainable progress, particularly in health care systems, and work towards changing their behaviors. Incorporating life-affirming spiritual values and extending Potter's global bioethics to a deeper bioethics seem essential.[10]
Van Rensselear Potter II, aged 90, died September 6, 2001, after a brief illness. Dr. Potter was a biochemist who devoted his scientific career to canacer research and pioneered efforts to develop the field of Bioethics, which he named.[11]
Dr. Potter was born on August 27, 1911, in northeast South Dakota, on the edge of the Coteau de Prairie.[11]
His concept of "Oncology is blocked Ontogeny" arose from numerous comparisons of the enzymology of transplantable liver neoplasm derived from chemically induced primary hepatic neoplasm. [11]
He helped to define the metabolism and function of a cell's genetic material as it relates to cancer. [11]
The genesis of bioethics was tied to intellectual and cultural developments with deep roots in Western Europe. [12]
The role of Andre Hellegers in the creation of the field of bioethics.[12]
With the goal of supporting a field he named bioethics, Andre Hellegers founded an institute at Georgetown University in 1971 that bore the name "The Kennedy Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction and Ethics." [12]
His goal was to describe better their project of understanding the relationship of philosophical and theological ethics to the sciences of genetics, human biology, health, disease, and population growth.[12]
They had no knowledge at the time that Fritz Jahr had first used the term in 1927 (Jahr 1927), nor that Van Rensselear Potter, profesoor of chemistry and oncology at the University of Wisconsin School of medicine and Director of the McArdle laboratory for the study of cancer ath the school of medicine, had re-coined the same term 'bio-ethics' in 1949.[12]
Potter fashioned the term to identify his studies of the effects of humankind's actions on the long-term survival of both humanity and the character of the environment, the results of which he published in Global Bioethics: Building on the leopold Legacy (Potter 1949).[12]
Fritz K. Beller (1983): Andre Hellegers, during those years (in eight years) introduced academicians in large numbers to bioethical thinking. Many were privileged to attend courses on Bioethics organized by the Kennedy Insititute (by invitation of Eunice and Sargent Shriver).[13]
Fritz K. Beller: Andre contributed to nearly all topics in bioethical research.[13]The Kennedy Institute of Ethics (also known as Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics) is one of the most prestigious bioethics institutes in the world.[14]
The Bioethics Research Library, founded by André Hellegers [16] and the theology professor LeRoy Walters, was formalized in June 1973. Today it contains over 32,000 monographs, covering all fields of bioethics.[15]
[1] Presented on May 8, 1975, at the Sixty-sixth Annual Meeting of the
American Association for Cancer Research, San Diego, Calif.
[2]Potter, V. R. Bioethics, Bridge to the Future. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:
Prentice Hall, Inc., 1971.
[3]http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/35/9/2297.full.pdf
[4]Potter, V. R. Humility with Responsibility: The First Professional
Ethic. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suppl. 1, in press.
[5]Potter, V. R. Probabilistic Aspects ofthe Human Cybernetic Machine.
Perspectives Biol. Med., 17: 164—183,1974.
[6]Potter, V. R. The Ethical Imperatives of the Eureka Feeling. (The
Individual Scientist Lecture). Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemosta sis, Suppl I , in press.
[7]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11657313
[8]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744319
[9]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22787958
[10]http://www2.ula.ve/cdcht/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc
[11]http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/63/7/1724.full.pdf
[12]http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4011-2_4#page-2
[13]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0028224383900047
[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Institute_of_Ethics
[15]History of the Institute". Kennedy Institute of Ethics. Retrieved 19 August 2013
[16]http://www.sysoon.com/images2/
andre-hellegers-1926-1979-grave-gx23814787?seid=GAMP66NPKUYA4W6
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